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| c. 1656 |
| | | Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country | |
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| c. 1740 |
| | | A charismatic leader, Baal Shem Tov, develops Hasidism in Poland as an influential revivalist movement within Judaism | |
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| c. 1780 |
| | | In developing the Haskalah, the German philosopher Moses Mendelssohn reconciles Judaism and the Enlightenment | |
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| 1818 |
| | | The first Reform congregation within Judaism is established in Germany, in the Hamburg Temple | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Samson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi of a synagogue in Frankfurt, where he develops the theme of neo-Orthodoxy | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Richard Wagner writes an anti-semitic tract, Jewishness in Music | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Lionel Nathan Rothschild becomes the first Jew to sit in Britain's House of Commons, taking his oath on the Old Testament | |
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| 1881 |
| | | The first pogroms, or officially sanctioned attacks on Jews and their property, take place in Russia | |
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| 1882 |
| | | The first settlements of European Jews, returning to the promised land, are established in Palestine | |
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| 1894 |
| | | Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, is convicted of treason and sent to Devil's Island in French Guiana | |
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